![]() RECAP is software that was written with the purpose to 'liberate US case law' and make it openly available online. Document mirroring, similar to website mirroring, is a technique that focuses on backing up various documents and other works. This technique copies the contents of a censored website and disseminates it on other domains and sub-domains that are not censored. Mirroring: Website mirroring is used as a circumvention tool in order to bypass various censorship blocks on websites.WikiLeaks is an example of a politically motivated website: it seeks to "keep governments open". Jim Warren suggests PGP's wide dissemination was in response to Senate Bill 266, authored by Senators Biden and DeConcini, which demanded that ".communications systems permit the government to obtain the plain text contents of voice, data, and other communications.". For example, the encryption software PGP can be used to secure communications PGP's author, Phil Zimmermann said he distributed it first to the peace movement. Code: Software and websites can achieve political goals.Repertoire of contention of hacktivism includes among others: One class of hacktivist activities includes increasing the accessibility of others to take politically motivated action online. In order to carry out their operations, hacktivists might create new tools or integrate or use a variety of software tools readily available on the Internet. Hacktivists generally operate under apolitical ideals and express uninhibited ideas or abuse without being scrutinized by society while representing or defending themselves publicly under an anonymous identity giving them a sense of power in the cyberactivism community. Self-proclaimed "hacktivists" often work anonymously, sometimes operating in groups while other times operating as a lone wolf with several cyber-personas all corresponding to one activist within the cyberactivism umbrella that has been gaining public interest and power in pop-culture. Some definitions include acts of cyberterrorism while others simply reaffirm the use of technological hacking to effect social change. Due to the variety of meanings of its root words, the definition of hacktivism is nebulous and there exists significant disagreement over the kinds of activities and purposes it encompasses. However, the term is frequently attributed to the Cult of the Dead Cow (cDc) member "Omega," who used it in a 1996 e-mail to the group. Writer Jason Sack first used the term hacktivism in a 1995 article in conceptualizing New Media artist Shu Lea Cheang's film Fresh Kill. Īccording to the United States 2020-2022 Counterintelligence Strategy, in addition to state adversaries and transnational criminal organizations, "ideologically motivated entities such as hacktivists, leaktivists, and public disclosure organizations, also pose significant threats". But just as hack can sometimes mean cyber crime, hacktivism can be used to mean activism that is malicious, destructive, and undermining the security of the Internet as a technical, economic, and political platform. The word was coined to characterize electronic direct action as working toward social change by combining programming skills with critical thinking. "Hacktivism" is a controversial term with several meanings. Hacking as a form of activism can be carried out through a network of activists, such as Anonymous and WikiLeaks, or through a singular activist, working in collaboration toward common goals without an overarching authority figure. ![]() Freenet, a peer-to-peer platform for censorship-resistant communication, is a prime example of translating political thought and freedom of speech into code. Hacktivist activities span many political ideals and issues. With roots in hacker culture and hacker ethics, its ends are often related to free speech, human rights, or freedom of information movements. Internet activism, hacktivism, or hactivism (a portmanteau of hack and activism), is the use of computer-based techniques such as hacking as a form of civil disobedience to promote a political agenda or social change.
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